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Scalable microwave-to-optical transducers at the single-photon level with spins

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Nature Physics, Published online: 22 April 2025; doi:10.1038/s41567-025-02884-y

Converting photons from one frequency range to another uses nonlinear effects that are often weak. Strong nonlinearities in rare-earth-ion-doped crystals have now been used to perform microwave-to-optical transduction at the single-photon level.